Новини зі світу вікінгів

Історія, культура, археологія, військове мистецтво Східної Римської імперії

Re: Новини

Повідомлення L. Flavivs Anaticvla » 02 травня 2017, 21:07

Під Псковом виявили поселення епохи вікінгів!

Еще в августе 2016 года псковские археологи объявили об открытии на юге области крупного поселения эпохи викингов, располагавшегося на пути «из варяг в греки». Ученые обычно избегают слова «сенсация», но в данном случае готовы сделать исключение. Похоже, речь идет о действительно уникальной находке: на территории России ничего подобного нет. В свое время обнаружение скандинавского захоронения в Пскове и, в частности, так называемой «Варяжской гостьи», всколыхнуло научный мир. Новое открытие также способно преподнести немало сюрпризов ученым. Специально для Псковского агентства информации археолог Александр Михайлов рассказал о том, почему это памятник столь значим для исторической науки, как он был обнаружен и по какой причине процветающее поселение так и не превратилось в город.
Эпоха викингов — принятое в государствах Северной Европы обозначение раннего Средневековья, особенно периода с VIII по XI века, когда жители Скандинавии, известные как викинги (на Руси — варяги), совершали набеги на сопредельные государства, устанавливали торговые отношения с государствами Ближнего Востока и Средней Азии и расселялись на широком пространстве от Восточной Европы до Северной Америки и Гренландии.
На территории Северо-Запада Руси присутствие варягов прослеживается по погребальным древностям, находкам скандинавских украшений, предметов вооружения, быта, судовых деталей, происходящим из культурного слоя древнейших городов Северной Руси – Ладоги, Рюрикова городища, Пскова, Изборска. Не случайно, что первые русские города возникают на важнейших торговых и военных коммуникациях, наиболее известными из которых, безусловно, являются путь «Из варяг в греки» и Великий Волжский путь.
Древний путь «из варяг в греки», из Скандинавии в Византию по рекам Восточной Европы тысячу лет тому назад стал одной из важнейших транспортных коммуникаций Европы. Эпоха викингов, военных походов и далеких экспедиций была временем великих географических открытий норманнов. Скандинавские мореходы освоили пути вокруг Европы в Средиземное море, проникли на Ближний и Средний Восток, обогнули Нордкап и проникли в полярные воды Баренцева и Белого морей, а в Северной Атлантике достигли Исландии, Гренландии и Америки.
Это было время развития международных контактов — не только войн и набегов, но и торговых связей, политических союзов, династических и смешанных браков. Языческие племена Северной, Средней и Восточной Европы создавали племенные союзы и «варварские государства», а мощное культурное воздействие христианской цивилизации, — Каролингской империи франков на Западе и Византийской империи греков на Востоке — вовлекало эти народы в семью средневековых христианских государств европейского континента.
Своего наивысшего расцвета путь «из варяг в греки» достиг в конце IХ-Х веков: соединяя Южную Русь с Северной, он способствовал прежде всего реализации экономических интересов и военно-политических предприятий первых русских князей. Включение верховьев Ловати со второй половины IХ века в систему международных торговых путей стабилизировало значение верхнеловатской системы волоков и сухопутных переходов. На территории Псковской области известно два пункта, связанных с функционированием пути «из варяг в греки» — Городок на Ловати и Усвят.

В 5 километрах от Великих Лук, у деревни Городище, на излучине реки Ловать находится городище, известное в краеведческой и научной литературе как «Городок на Ловати». Результаты археологических исследований Городка в 50-70-х годах XX века позволяют выделить два этапа в его жизни: первый — X — начало XI веков, второй — вторая половина XI-XII веков. Расцвет Городка падает на первое столетие его существования.
Положение Городка на пути «из варяг в греки» определило несомненную причастность формирующегося центра к международной торговле. Интенсивность товарооборота в верховьях Ловати демонстрируется находками кладов дирхемов X века у Великих Лук и в области. Причём, один из них относится к разряду так называемых «кладов-гигантов» (свыше 10 тысяч монет — 5-6 пудов). Из культурного слоя Городка происходит целый ряд предметов имеющих североевропейское (скандинавское) происхождение. Ремесленные постройки особой производственной зоны Городка связаны с металлургией, кузнечным и ювелирным делом и в своём расположении подчинены рельефу местности. Жизненную основу поселения составили металлургия и кузнечное ремесло.
На окраине современного поселка Усвяты, на берегу Усвятского озера, в урочище «Юрьевы горы» находится место средневекового поселения, которое может быть атрибутировано как город «Всвяч», известный в летописях с XI века. Комплекс включает в себя не укрепленное на начальном этапе поселение и курганный могильник на Юрьевых Горах.
Это приречная агломерация, сформировавшаяся вокруг крупного торгово-ремесленного поселения на Юрьевых Горах. В культуре этого поселения можно увидеть характерное для таких центров сочетание западнославянских, скандинавских, салтовских и местных украшений с арабским серебром (коллекция подъемного материала насчитывает 20 целых и рубленых дирхемов) и медными византийскими монетами.
В определенной степени Усвят действительно напоминает Гнёздово или Старую Ладогу, но, конечно, в гораздо более скромных масштабах. Несомненно, в конце X – начале XI века Усвят являлся важным звеном пути «из варяг в греки» и имел большое экономическое и политическое значение.
(Еремеев И.И. Древности Полоцкой земли. СПб, 2015. С.539-540.)

Открытие

Средневековое поселение у деревни Горожане в Новосокольническом районе Псковской области псковские археологи открыли летом 2016 года. Этот яркий памятник эпохи викингов на берегу речки Смердели с хорошей сохранностью культурных отложений и богатым вещевым материалом сразу привлек внимание специалистов.

Поселение расположено на водоразделе бассейнов рек Великой и Ловати.

Археологи пришли к выводу, что открытое поселение было связано с ловатским участком пути «из варяг в греки» и относится к категории открытых торгово-ремесленных поселений на одной из важнейших сухопутных коммуникаций, связывавшей бассейн Великой с бассейнами Ловати и Западной Двины.

Особо стоит отметить, что на протяженной территории от Рюрикова городища до Городка на Ловати подобные поселения до сих пор известны не были.

Поселение на берегу реки Смердели возникло в X веке и существовало (при этом активно развивалось) до первой половины XI века. Затем оно погибло в пожаре - возможно, с большей частью жителей. Затем на этом месте поселение уже не возобновлялось. Именно эти трагические обстоятельства могут объяснить большое количество предметов, попавших в культурный слой одномоментно.

Уникальная коллекция

4 октября 2016 года в краеведческом музее города Великие Луки состоялась передача коллекции археологических предметов с поселения Горожане в государственную часть Музейного фонда РФ. Предметы, входящие в состав коллекции были собраны на распаханной части поселения в 2012-2013 годов жителем Великих Лук Сергеем Козловым.

Коллекция включает 1010 предметов из стекла, глины, камня, черного и цветного металла. Общая датировка коллекции – третья четверть I тысячелетия н.э. – XII-XIII века, хотя основная часть вещей должна быть отнесена ко времени X-XI веков. В настоящее время именно эта коллекция является основным источником знаний об особенностях материальной культуры поселения, занятиях его жителей.

О включенности жителей Горожанского поселения в международные связи свидетельствуют многочисленные находки монет и торгового инвентаря. Монетная часть коллекции насчитывает 245 предметов. Подавляющее большинство монет (и их фрагментов) – восточные серебряные монеты. Исключение составляет медный византийский фоллис Романа I (920-944 годы) Среди восточных монет встречаются фрагменты сасанидских драхм первой половины VII века, отдельные монеты VIII века, хотя большинство, очевидно, относятся к IX – первой трети X века.

Из культурного слоя поселения происходит более 100 гирек для взвешивания весового серебра, а также фрагменты складных весов.

К предметам импорта, свидетельствам международной торговли относятся слитки меди и свинца. Как известно, до начала XVIII века, до появления уральских заводов Демидова, на Руси не было своих месторождений цветных металлов и поэтому металл поступал с территории Западной Европы и Востока.

Целый ряд находок отчетливо показывает присутствие на поселении воинского (дружинного) контингента: перекрестье меча, наконечник ножен меча, боевой топор, наконечники стрел, удила с псалиями, детали ременного набора.

Развитость ремесленных традиций поселения подчеркивает разнообразие железного инструмента: клещи, топоры, стамески, шилья, сверла и пр. В коллекции представлена серия брусков товарного железа, слитки цветного металла, использовавшегося в ювелирном деле.

По составу находок поселение может быть охарактеризовано как полиэтничное: среди представленных вещей предметы связанные со славянской (древнерусской), балтской, финно-угорской, скандинавской культурными традициями.


Угроза «черных археологов»

В настоящее время для памятника существует реальная угроза со стороны грабителей культурного наследия, так называемых «черных археологов». Привлеченные богатыми находками, залегающими в культурном слое поселения, грабители планомерно разрушают слой поселения. В середине сентября 2016 года общая площадь грабительских «раскопов» превышала 300 квадратных метров.

Красным цветом обозначены незаконные раскопки на 14 сентября 2016 года (из обшая площаль - 302 м2, синим - 15 сентября того же года (61 м2).

Всего на месте поселения обнаружено более 310 ям от металлодетектора.

Законодательство Российской Федерации в исключительных случаях под сохранением объекта археологического наследия понимает проведение спасательных раскопок. Применительно к поселению X-XI веков у деревни Горожане мы имеем дело с таким исключительным случаем. Проведение спасательных археологических исследований на памятнике поможет сохранить историческую информацию, существенно дополнить наши представления об одном из интереснейших периодах истории Древнерусского государства.


http://informpskov.ru/vikingi
Аватар користувача
L. Flavivs Anaticvla
 
Повідомлень: 1151
З нами з: 14 квітня 2013, 22:51
Звідки: Kiovia, Vcraina

Re: Новини зі світу вікінгів

Повідомлення L. Flavivs Anaticvla » 16 червня 2017, 23:12

Нові поховання вікінгів з Північної Ісландії. перше - з собакою-вікінгом :)
Archaeologists in N. Iceland discover Viking age chief buried in ship with his sword and dog
Yesterday archeologists, who are working at a large burial site in Eyjafjörður fjord in north Iceland, announced that they had discovered the remains of a ship burial dating back to the Viking age. A wealthy chieftain seems to have been buried in one of his boats along with some of his worldly possessions, including a sword and his dog. More unexplored burial sites are believed to be located at the site.

The grave is believed to date back to the 9th or 10th centuries. The sword, which was found close to the surface is in very poor condition. The archeologists expect to remove the sword from the ground today.

A site of regional significance during Viking Age
The archeological dig takes place north of the town of Akureyri at a site which is believed to have been of enormous local importance during the Viking age. A few hundred meters south of the burial site is Gáseyri, which was the primary trading post in Eyjafjörður fjord during the Viking age.

The area where the ship burial was found is known as Dysnes, a name which points to Viking age graves, as dys is an old word for burial mound. The word Dysnes could be translated to "Burial ness". The precise location of the boat grave is then known as Kumlateigur, kuml being another old word for burial, and Kumlateigur translating as "Burial stretch". Both place names are ancient and point to more than one grave.

Eleven years ago a second boat burial was discovered at Kumlholt ("Burial hill") just south of the present site. The archeologists working at the site expect to find more graves as they explore the site fully.

An important find
Yesterday's discovery is important for a number of reasons. While it was common to bury wealthy chiefs in boat burials during the Viking age, relatively few boat graves have been excavated in Iceland. One possible explanation is that boats were too valuable, with extremely limited domestic sources of timber for boat-building.

Discovering Viking age graves with swords is similarly uncommon, and both finds point to the burial site of a wealthy local chief. A second Viking Age sword was discovered in South Iceland September of last year.

A Viking Age sword discovered last September Last fall a group of outdoorsmen stumbled upon a Viking age sword lying close to the surface in S. Iceland. The sword discovered at Dysnes is in worse condition. Photo/Árni Björn

Undisturbed Viking age graves are also rare, as many Viking age burials discovered in Iceland have been disturbed and robbed. For example, the second boat grave which was discovered at Kumlholt eleven years ago had been opened and disturbed at some point. It is impossible to know what valuables and artifacts have been removed from disturbed graves.

Exploration a race against time
Archeologists who spoke with the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service said they were working in a race against time, as the burial site is being eroded by the sea.

The waves have already destroyed half of the boat in the grave, washing away any artefacts which were contained within. The bones and the sword discovered were lying close to the surface.

"The ocean has washed away most of the boat, and probably some of its contents. We have found human bones scattered in the surface, so we can determine that a man once lay in the boat. The fact that we found the sword suggests that this grave had not been disturbed by grave-robbers. So, at some point we had a completely undisturbed Viking age grave, which we lost to the ocean."

Icelandic archeologists have sounded alarms that many archeological sites around the coast of Iceland are being eroded by the ocean which is washing invaluable remains out to sea.

http://icelandmag.visir.is/article/arch ... rd-and-dog

Second Viking Age ship burial found at archaeological site in N. Iceland
Yesterday archeologists discovered a second boat burial at an archeological site at Dysnes ness in Eyjafjörður fjord in North Iceland. On Tuesday a burial site where a Viking age chief was buried in his boat, along with his sword and dog had been discovered. Two other graves dating to the Viking age have been found at the site. Archeologists working at the site are optimistic to find more, as the dig has only just started.

Undisturbed graves
Neither boat burial has been disturbed by grave robbers, as many Viking age burial sites have been. Most Viking Age burial sites seem to have been opened up relatively early, only decades after the burial, and valuables, especially swords, removed. The reasons for such grave robbing are not known.

Archeologists working at Dysnes have now found four different Viking age graves at the site. Two were boat burials. An archeologist working at the dig told the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service RÚV that they expected to find more. "Everywhere we stick a shovel into the ground we seem to find something".

The dig is only just starting
The boat burial found yesterday was in significantly better condition than the one found on Tuesday. Although neither grave has been disturbed by grave robbers, the boat burial found on Tuesday has been badly damaged by erosion from the ocean. The sea had already destroyed part of the grave, taking half of the boat and most likely some of its contents. Human bones, a Viking sword and canine teeth, from a dog which was buried in the grave with the boat's owner, were found. Time and the sea had washed the rest away.

The archeologists are only just starting to explore this second burial, but Hildur Gestsdóttir, who is in charge at the site, told RÚV that the they were hoping it would contain more clues as to the life and death in Eyjafjörður fjord during the Viking Age.

"Part of the boat is completely untouched and we see no signs of it ever having been robbed by people, so we are hoping to find more artifacts untouched in the grave."

An unusual and important find
Both boat burials are believed to date to the 9th or 10th centuries. The two sites seem to have been arranged in a line, bot to stern. Hildur told the local newspaper Morgunblaðið that she was optimistic the dig would unearth even more boat burials.

The discoveries at Dysnes are extremely important as only ten boat burials have been found in Iceland. Out of these five have been found in Eyjafjörður: Two at Dysnes, a third which was found 11 years ago a short distance, 500 m (1600 ft), at Kumlholt south of Dysnes and two which were found near the village Dalvík, just north of Dysnes.

The Dysnes find is also unique as it is only the second site in Iceland where two boat burials are found at the same site. The only other site with two boat burials is at Dalvík.

Archaeologists in Iceland frequently use place names to guide them in the search for sites to explore. Kumlholt, where the boat burial found south of Dysnes 11 years ago, translates as Burial-hill, as the word kuml is an old word for Viking age grave. The area where the ship burial was found is known as Dysnes, a name which points to Viking age graves, as dys is an old word for burial mound. The word Dysnes translates to "Burial ness". The precise location of the boat grave is then known as Kumlateigur, which could be translated as "Burial stretch".

The two additional graves which have been found at Dysnes were found in a second place called "Ræningjagryfja", a depression which is six meters (9 ft) long. This name translates as "Robbers pit". The origins of this name is difficult to determine, and we can only speculate whether it refers to some local legends, the people buried in the two graves already excavated or some, undiscoverd mysteries.

http://icelandmag.visir.is/article/seco ... -n-iceland

Archaeologists think they might have found a third boat burial at site in N. Iceland
Archeologists working at a dig on Dysnes peninsula on the west coast of Eyjafjörður fjord in North Iceland believe they might have found yet another boat burial at the site. This would bring the number of boat burials discovered at the site to three in as many days.

On Tuesday archeologists announced that they had discovered a Viking age boat burial belonging to a wealthy chief, containing a sword and bones from a dog. Yesterday a second boat burial was discovered right next to the first one. The two boats seem to have been arranged in a row, with bow facing stern.

The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service RÚV reports that today the archeologists working at the site discovered three wooden nails which most likely came from a boat near where the first two boat burials were discovered. The dig is only just starting, and neither yesterday's burial nor today's discovery have been fully excavated.

None of the three boat burials have been robbed or disturbed by people, but they have all been badly damaged by erosion. The sea had destroyed much of the burial found on Tuesday, washing away half of the boat and any artifacts contained therein. Hildur Gestsdóttir, who is in charge of the dig told the RÚV that the second and third sites have seen far less erosion.

http://icelandmag.visir.is/article/arch ... -n-iceland
Аватар користувача
L. Flavivs Anaticvla
 
Повідомлень: 1151
З нами з: 14 квітня 2013, 22:51
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Re: Новини зі світу вікінгів

Повідомлення L. Flavivs Anaticvla » 11 серпня 2017, 02:57

Новий круглий табір вікінгів відкрито у Данії
1,000-year-old massive, perfectly circular Viking fortress discovered in Denmark
By Martha Henriques
August 8, 2017 18:19 BST
A rare archaeological discovery has brought to light a historic 10th century Viking fortress to the south of Copenhagen.

The Borgring fortress is an incredibly accurate circular shape, measuring about 150 metres in diameter. It is the first of its kind to be found in Denmark for 60 years. The findings are published in a study in the journal Antiquity.
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The structure is one of the Trelleborg-type fortresses that have a distinctive overall shape and internal structure. The earthworks, houses and other structures are meticulously arranged within the fortress. They have V-shaped ditches that are precisely circular, with four gates at the four points of the compass.

The Borgring fortress had been tentatively identified in the 1970s, but the technology was lacking then to verify whether it really was a Trelleborg-type fortress, study author Søren Michael Sindbæk of Aarhus University, told IBTimes UK.

"That is the most beautiful aspect of our results – the suspicion that this could have been a fortress was raised by a very beautiful map made in 1970 that was the best survey method you had in those days. But it was impossible to prove it in those days."

With more sensitive modern technologies such as LiDAR – airborne laser scanning – Sindbæk and his colleagues were able to measure subtle differences at ground-level suggesting the presence of the ring.

Before its destruction, the Borgring fortress was made of wood and earth-and-turf ramparts. The fortress had two streets with an intersection in the middle to form a cross shape. The streets would have been paved with timber, connecting four large wooden buildings within the fortress.

There have only been about five confirmed Trelleborg fortresses discovered in Denmark to date. They were all built in a curiously short period between 975 and 980 CE, during the reign of King Harald Bluetooth. They are massive, circular structures typically between 140 to 250 metres in diameter.

"They posed a real enigma about the Viking Age when they were first discovered," Sindbæk said. "The Vikings were perceived to be a society of local petty kings competing over power."

This kind of organised control was usually associated with much later medieval kingship. The fortresses represented a surprising degree of organisation and centralisation that was not easily found in other surviving aspects of Viking culture. So how did such large and expensive structures suddenly appear in the Danish landscape around the year 975?

"They are related to a period of exceptional expression of kingship," Sindbæk explained. "The question is whether that means we need a complete reassessment of Viking society, or whether we should just be revisiting evidence from this particular period."

Due to the very short period that the structures were built – just five years – the latter is the most likely, Sindbæk said. The fortresses were most probably built during a period when the Vikings faced strong external enemies in the German and Slavic lands.

"If we look at the 970s and 980s it's exactly a time where every authority bordering on this empire is in a high state of emergency. There is a military power which is unprecedented and isn't repeated again for several generations," Sindbæk said.

The need to build Trelleborg fortresses fell away after the German emperor died in the 980s, so no more of the costly structures were built.

"The fact that they are these strange features that only occur under tension is fascinating.

"We have barely any other similar fortresses in Norway or Sweden, and in Denamrk there are no other very large fortresses of any kind. So they are very special. Because of the dates it seems that they coincide with a very unique military situation."

http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/1000-year-old- ... rk-1634131

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Re: Новини зі світу вікінгів

Повідомлення L. Flavivs Anaticvla » 06 жовтня 2018, 23:36

Знайшли нове свідчення далекої торгівлі східних вікінгів - арабське кільце у Бірці, Швеція
When the Arabs met the Vikings: New discovery suggests ancient links
An Arabic ring discovered in a Scandinavian tomb suggests ancient links between the Vikings and Muslims


The discovery of a silver ring with an Arabic inscription in a Viking grave has added credence to the ancient accounts of Arab travellers in their encounters with the Norsemen, and points to a fascinating trade and cultural exchange.

“I have never seen bodies as nearly perfect as theirs. As tall as palm trees, fair and reddish, they wear neither tunics nor kaftans. Every man wears a cloak with which he covers half of his body, so that one arm is uncovered. They carry axes, swords, daggers and always have them to hand. They use Frankish swords with broad, ridged blades.”

So the Arab traveller Ahmad Ibn Fadlan recorded his meeting more than 1,000 years ago with a strange race he called the “Rusiyyah”, now commonly known as Vikings.

Ibn Fadlan first met the Norse warriors as they travelled across the Russian steppes, sailing their longships down the Volga river and looking to trade with the Arab world.

There were women as well, who each wore “a small box made of iron, silver, brass or gold, depending on her husband’s financial worth and social standing, tied at her breasts. The box has a ring to which a knife is attached, also tied at her breasts.

“The women wear neck rings of gold and silver. When a man has amassed 10,000 dirhams, he has a neck ring made for his wife.

“When he has amassed 20,000 dirhams, he has two neck rings made. For every subsequent 10,000 dirhams, he gives a neck ring to his wife. This means a woman can wear many neck rings.”

Among the Arabs who encountered Vikings, the reaction was a mixture of horror and fascination. The knife worn by the women may have actually been a scoop for ear wax. The men were tattooed and performed brutal burial rituals that included killing female slaves.

Almost as bad, they were seen washing their faces and heads each day with “the filthiest and most polluted water”.

Travelling north at about the same time was Ibrahim Ibn Yacoub Al Tartushi, from what was then the Muslim kingdom of Al Andalus in Spain.

Reaching Schleswig, now the town of Hedeby on the border of Germany and Denmark, the Vikings lived in a society in which women could divorce whenever they liked and where both sexes wore “artificial eye make-up”, Al Tartushi wrote.

Even worse, was their singing: “ I never heard any more awful singing then the singing of the people in Schleswig. It is a groan that comes out of their throats, similar to the bark of the dogs but even more like a wild animal.”

The Arabs might have been largely unimpressed with the Vikings, but they made a big impression on the Norsemen, new archaeological discoveries show.

A rare ring with an inscription in Arabic has been uncovered at a Scandinavian site.

Professor Sebastian Warmlander, a biophysicist who is part of the research team that published its findings in March, says it is the only ring of this type ever found.

“The ring may therefore constitute material evidence for direct interactions between Viking Age Scandinavia and the Islamic world,” says Prof Warmlander.

“There are written sources speaking of Viking and Arabic travellers visiting each other. But it is difficult to know if these written documents are true. Finding physical objects of Islamic origin in Viking Age Sweden means that these written sources become more trustworthy.”

The non-gilded silver alloy ring was found in a 9th century woman’s grave at the Viking trading centre in Birka, Sweden.

It is set with a violet stone inscribed with Arabic Kufic writing, interpreted as reading “il-la-lah” (for “or to Allah”).

The angular script was developed in the 7th century, dominated Arabic writing in the 8th to 10th centuries and waned in popularity during the 12th century when it was replaced by the cursive Naskh style. The ring is not the first evidence of its kind regarding links between Vikings and the Muslim world, but “is arguably so far the best evidence for direct contacts”.

“The ring went straight from the Caliphate to Sweden,” says Prof Warmlander. Silver dirham coins have also been found in Viking-era archaeological sites, but the wear on the coins showed they had travelled far and wide.

The research paper on the Birka ring concludes: “It is not impossible that the woman herself, or someone close to her, might have visited – or even originated from – the Caliphate or its surrounding regions.”

As for the 1,000-year-old written accounts from Arab travellers, Prof Warmlander says they should be “taken with a grain of salt”. “The black eye make-up, for instance, has a practical function to avoid being blinded from strong sunlight, such as when on a ship at sea or in a white snow-covered landscape. I would expect people living in a desert to use similar black eye make-up,” he says.

The connection between the Vikings and Arab Muslims has long been neglected. One exception was the Hollywood film The 13th Warrior made in 1999, with Antonio Banderas as Ahmad Ibn Fadlan, a fictional character based on the real-life traveller.

A mysterious character, the real Ibn Fadlan was a key member of a diplomatic mission sent by Abbasid Caliph Al Muqtadir in 921 from Baghdad to the upper reaches of the river Volga, in answer to a request for diplomatic assistance from the king of Volga Bulgaria.

The king had recently converted to Islam and needed help in training jurists, instructing his people in how to pray properly, and in financial assistance to build a mosque and a fort. Visitors to this year’s Abu Dhabi International Book Fair, which runs from today until Wednesday, will be able to discover more about Ibn Fadlan and the story of Vikings and the Arabs.

Professor James Montgomery, who will be one of the speakers at a session dedicated to this topic on Saturday, says hundreds of thousands of Islamic silver coins have been excavated in Scandinavia.

“The relationship was primarily one of trade,” says Prof Montgomery. “The Vikings were obsessed with silver dirhams coined in Muslim lands. They traded weapons, furs and slaves for money.”

Prof Montgomery will discuss his work in the recent volume of the NYU Press Library of Arabic Literature: Two Arabic Travel Books, where his section is a translation of the travel account of Ibn Fadlan’s Volga mission.

“There is little evidence of cultural exchange. Occasionally a group of Vikings is described as raiding the lands they visited, although the sources that describe them as peaceful in their dealings with the Muslims outnumber those that describe them as violent,” he says.

Professor Thorir Hraundal Jonsson, the other guest speaker on Saturday, says the archaeological evidence, such as the ring and other finds – that include Arabic weighing scales, beads, vessels, censers (incense burners) and over a quarter of a million Islamic silver coins – “are evidence of a cultural exchange”.

“Contacts between Vikings and Arabs/Muslims were both peaceful and violent. Since most of the contacts took place via trade, the relationship was mostly peaceful, but we also have accounts of Viking raids in the Caspian Sea which resemble accounts we have from Europe in a similar period,” says Prof Hraundal Jonsson.

The Vikings took goods such as honey, furs, iron, amber and slaves from the Baltic region to the Caliphate.

“I believe the topic is very relevant today because it evokes a time when Europe and the Middle East maintained a special relationship, predating the Crusades,” says Prof Hraundal Jonsson, of the University of Iceland, whose work has focused on how medieval Arab texts reflect the expansion of Vikings into the Islamic world.

“It is also important for the study of the Vikings in that it shows that they enjoyed much more diverse cultural contacts than previously thought.”

Prof Warmlander says: “In the Scandinavian research tradition, there is a tendency to focus on the Scandinavian transition from Viking Age paganism to Christian Catholicism. Contacts with other religions, such as Orthodox Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, has largely been neglected. But such contacts must have taken place, and most likely influenced the Viking culture. Objects of Islamic origin tell us that the Vikings must have been aware of many other cultures and belief systems.”

While the Arabs generally regarded the Vikings as barbaric, there is still much to discover. Ibn Fadlan’s account gives a peek into what the Vikings thought of their visitors.

“One of the Rusiyyah said: ‘You Arabs, you are a lot of fools,’ and when Ibn Fadlan asked him why he said that, the man replied: ‘Because you purposefully take your nearest and dearest and those whom you hold in highest esteem and put them in the ground, where they are eaten by vermin and worms.’

“‘We, on the other hand, cremate them there and then, so that they enter the Garden on the spot.’”

• Arabs and Vikings in the Middle Ages, Abu Dhabi International Book Fair, Saturday, 16.45-17.30pm. With Prof Thorir Hraundal Jonsson and Prof James Montgomery.

rghazal@thenational.ae


https://www.thenational.ae/world/when-t ... s-1.125718
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Re: Новини зі світу вікінгів

Повідомлення L. Flavivs Anaticvla » 29 січня 2019, 23:04

Остання реліквія стародавнього народу: з гирла Темзи дістали тисячолітню згадку про вікінгів
Британський археолог-любитель Стів Томлінсон, який проводив дослідження гирла річки виявив унікальну реліквію, яка належала прадавнім вікінгам.
За словами археологів, це дуже важлива знахідка, оскільки вона може виявитися останньою реліквією стародавнього народу. Вік рідкісного артефакту – близько 1000 років. Про це повідомляє Урядовий кур’єр.
Під час робіт Томлінсон зауважив, що з грязьових відкладень ніби видніється якийсь предмет. Трохи розкопавши і витягнувши його на поверхню, фахівець зрозумів, що це старий черевик.Але оскільки зроблений він був далеко не на сучасний манер, крім того, експерт мав деякий досвід в археології, він припустив, що знахідка може мати історичну цінність. І не помилився.
Невдовзі Томлінсон показав свою знахідку науковцям, результати дослідження предмета здивували не тільки любителя, але і професіоналів.
Дослідники провели деякі аналізи, в тому числі, радіовуглецевий, який і показав, що взуття виготовили в період між 1017 і 1059 роками нашої ери.
Відомо, що саме в цей період на британських островах жили англосакси і вікінги. Тільки в 1066 році Вільгельмом Завойовником було засновано нову династію після розгрому військ короля Гарольда.
Вчені розповіли, що черевик в дуже хорошому стані незважаючи на свій вік. На ньому видно навіть сліди від пальців ніг. На їхню думку, збереженню послужила консервація глиною. Знахідку продовжать досліджувати, а потім передадуть до музею.
Відзначимо, вікінги робили взуття зі шкіри - акулячої, бичачої, а дорожче всіх вважалося взуття з телячої шкіри. Для того щоб взимку не ковзати на льоду, на черевики прив'язували спеціальні шипи.
Нагадаємо, Фарери став справжньою обителлю для вікінгів. Морські простори, зелені поля й дахи, величезні страшні скелі, це місце просто зобов'язане було стати будинком для скандинавських морських вовків.
Як повідомляв портал "Знай.uа", археологи, проводять розкопки, в провінції Анталія (Туреччина) повідомили про сенсаційну знахідку. За словами турецьких дослідників, їм вдалося виявити меч вікінга.
Опубліковано: 25.01 17:55

https://amp.znaj.ua/history/205930-osta ... iBAzeZbLSM

Amateur archaeologist, 47, discovers 1,000-year-old shoe in the River Thames that was 'last worn in the run up to the Battle of Hastings'
A 1,000-year-old shoe has been found intact in the muddy river bed of the River Thames.
Steve Tomlinson, 47, was exploring the estuary when he stumbled across the unassuming object protruding from the mud flats.
The amateur archaeologist was unaware of its historical significance and was urged by his peers to send it off for expert analysis.
A Scottish institute carefully carbon dated the shoe and found it be be from between 1017 and 1059AD, during the era Anglo-Saxons and Vikings inhabited the British Isles before William the conqueror toppled King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
The finding may be one of the last surviving relics from the Viking occupation of Britain before the successful invasion of the French.
Results of the laboratory tests found there was a 95.4 per cent probability that the shoe is from between 1017-1059AD.
Mr Tomlinson, from Birchington, Kent, made the discovery of the leather moccasin in October last year while searching in the estuary and the results have just been returned.
He said: 'I was out and about just up that area and it was sticking out of a bit of clay mud so I pulled it out.
'I first thought it was a bit of tat but the history of the Thames goes through all the ages so I put the call out to archaeologist and groups and they said 'oh my God preserve it straight away.'
Mr Tomlinson says he 'can't quite believe' the outcome.He added: 'It is a rare find and amazingly it is still in superb preserved condition, probably due to the fact it was very well preserved in clay along with the sea, keeping it constantly waterlogged.
'It is so well preserved that the original toe and heel marks can be seen.
'It just goes to show you never know what lies beneath.
'I am over the moon with the result.'
The shoes may soon be on display in a museum from a 'well known museum'.

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech ... 7Bd8Rg8SyQ
Thames1.jpg
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Re: Новини зі світу вікінгів

Повідомлення L. Flavivs Anaticvla » 29 січня 2019, 23:12

Зайшов надто далеко: вчені натрапили на меч вікінга в несподіваному місці
На днях археологи, які проводили розкопки, в провінції Анталія (Туреччина) повідомили про сенсаційну знахідку. За словами турецьких дослідників, їм вдалося виявити меч вікінга.

Меч вікінга, імовірно датується ІХ-Х століттями, був виявлено при археологічних розкопках в античному місті Патара у турецькій провінції Анталья. Про це повідомляють зарубіжні ЗМІ.

Професор класичної археології з Університет Акденіз (Анталія) Фейзулла Шахін висловив упевненість, що знахідка є саме мечем вікінга. Як припускає вчений, меч належав вікінгу, який служив найманцем в візантійської армії і бився в на війні море.

Шахін зазначає, що це другий меч вікінга, виявлений на території сучасної Туреччини. Очевидно, він покладений в могилу загиблого воїна.

З візантійських джерел відомо, що вікінги (варяги) служили найманими воїнами у візантійських імператорів з X століття. Староруський літопис "Повесть временных лет" пов'язує з варягами поява держави Русь (покликання варягів).

Вікінги були майстерними воїнами і володіли легким гострим мечем, який не ламався. За це варягів і їх зброю дуже цінували. І візантійські імператори з 10-го століття часто наймали їх. Звідси і пояснення, як мечі вікінгів (яких пов'язують з появою держави Русь) опинилися на території нинішньої Туреччини.

Варто також відзначити, що Патара, один з найбільших міст і головний порт Лікійського союзу, мав велике стратегічне і торговельне значення завдяки близькості до гирла річки Ксанф, що відкриває шлях до густонаселеної долини.

https://znaj.ua/history/190060-zayshov- ... nomu-misci
Asia Minor.jpeg


І є вже наукова стаття про цей меч: http://www.academia.edu/26862387/A_Viki ... Asia_Minor
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